Gozewijn Dirk Laverman
University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
Title: Environmental co-exposure to cadmium and lead and the association with diabetic kidney disease; another reason to avoid smoking and alcohol intake in patients with T2DM?
Biography
Biography: Gozewijn Dirk Laverman
Abstract
Background Environmental factors contributing to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are incompletely understood. We investigated whether blood concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were associated with prevalent DKD, and to which extent diet and smoking contribute to blood Cd and Pb concentrations.
Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis in 240 patients with T2DM included in the Diabetes and LifEstyle Cohort Twente (DIALECT-1). Blood Cd and Pb concentrations were determined from EDTA whole blood samples. Cd-Pb co-exposure was calculated by addition of Cd and Pb Z-scores. The association between Cd-Pb and DKD (CKD-epi <60ml/min/1.73m2 and/or albuminuria) was determined using multivariate logistic regression. The association between diet (derived from food frequency questionnaire), smoking and Cd and Pb was determined using multivariate linear regression.
Results Almost half of all participants had DKD (49%). Median blood concentrations were 0.33 ug/l (IQR: 0.21-0.57 ug/l) for Cd and 1.45 ug/dl (IQR: 0.83-1.86 ug/dl) for Pb, all below the values known for acute toxicity. Higher Cd-Pb was associated with a 32% higher risk for DKD (OR: 1.317 (1.071-1.620), p=0.009). Smoking status was positively associated with Cd (β: 0.479, p<0.001) and alcohol intake with Pb (β: 0.299, p <0.001), while there was no association between dietary intake and Cd or Pb.
Conclusion The association between higher Cd-Pb and prevalent DKD might suggest Cd and Pb contribute to progressive DKD. The higher Cd-Pb associated with smoking and alcohol might provide another mechanism by which these intoxications adversely affect renal health in T2DM.